1.
Level of Consciousness |
Trait |
Chondrich- thians (shark) |
Amphibian
(frog, salaman- der) |
Sauropsid
(snake, lizard) |
Sauropsid
(bird) |
Mammal
(rodent) |
Primate
(Great Ape) |
Homo
Sapiens |
| Categorizing
Responsive- ness |
Grouping |
During
mating1 |
Yes8 |
During
mating19 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
| Territoriality |
Yes2 |
Yes9 |
Rare |
Yes |
Yes51
|
Yes |
Yes |
|
| Dominance
hierarchies |
Yes3 |
Yes10
|
Yes21
|
Yes |
Yes51
|
Yes63 |
Yes |
|
| Group predation |
Yes4 |
N/A
|
No
|
Yes |
N/A
|
Yes |
Yes |
|
| Courtship |
Yes6 |
Yes13 |
Yes24 |
Yes |
Yes
|
Yes |
Yes |
|
| Play |
Reported |
No |
Repor- ted25 |
Yes |
Yes
|
Yes |
Yes |
|
| Social
Responsive- ness |
Parental
care |
No |
Moderate12 |
Some- times26 |
Yes |
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes |
| Deception |
No |
Yes15 |
Some- times |
Yes41
|
Yes52
|
Yes |
Yes |
|
| Gestural
communica- tion |
No |
No
|
Yes32
|
Yes42
|
Yes53
|
Yes |
Yes |
|
| Vocalization |
No |
Yes18 |
Yes30
|
Yes43
|
Yes53
|
Yes
|
Yes |
|
| Social
Conscious- ness |
Mutual
grooming |
No |
No
|
Marginal31
|
Yes
|
Yes56
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Intentionality |
No |
No
|
No |
Yes45
|
Yes54
|
Yes |
Yes |
|
| Altruism |
No |
No |
No
|
Yes46
|
Yes55
|
Yes70 |
Yes |
|
| Food- sharing |
No |
No
|
No
|
Yes48
|
Moder- ate57 |
Yes74 |
Yes |
|
| Division
of labour |
No |
No
|
No
|
Yes48
|
Marginal |
Yes
|
Yes |
|
| Self
Aware- ness |
Laughter |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
Yes
|
Yes |
| Dance |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
Yes
|
Yes |
|
| Culture |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
Yes
|
Yes |
|
| Song |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes
|
Yes |
|
| Ritual |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No
|
Yes |
|
| Cultural
trans- mission |
No |
No |
No |
Occa- sional50 |
Moder- ate58 |
Yes80 |
Yes |
|
| Language |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No
|
Yes |
|
| Trade |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No
|
Yes |
|
| Gossip |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |